Effect of an Integrated Active Lessons Programme through Playful Maths Games on Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Social Skills in Preschool Children.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an integrated active lessons programme based on playful math games, of 10 weeks' duration (30 min/day × 2 days/week), on self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in preschool children. One hundred and ninety-four preschool children (53.6% girls) aged 53.36 ± 11.82 months were split into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The EG improved significantly in self-concept compared to the CG in boys and girls (6.8% and 7.1%, respectively). Personal and academic self-esteem levels increased significantly (8.1% and 5.5%, respectively, only in girls). Although the EG obtained significant improvements in social self-esteem and social skills compared to the beginning of the study, these results were not found in comparison with the CG. The introduction of active lessons based on playful maths games within the classroom is recommended as support for the improvement in self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in early childhood education.

Alternatives of Physical Activity within School Times and Effects on Cognition. A Systematic Review and Educational Practical Guide / Las alternativas de actividad física en horario escolar y sus efectos en la cognición. Una revisión sistemática y guía práctica educativa

This review analyses educational intervention studies that have researched the effects of physical activity in school on schoolchildren's cognition. Twenty-nine intervention studies carried out between January 2005 and the end of June 2019 were retrieved from five databases. Fourteen papers analysed the physically activity in academic lessons (PAAL) method, nine analysed the effects of active lesson breaks (ALB), two analysed active recess (AR) intervention, and three analysed combined physical activity (CPA) interventions consisting of two or more types of physical activity. Physical activity in school time has acute and chronic positive effects on cognition in children. In all the interventions (PAAL, ALB, AR, and CPA) short-term high-intensity physical activity sessions improved cognitive performance. Medium- to long-term moderate vigorous physical activity sessions also produced improvements in cognitive performance. The implications of including CPA programmes in the school timetable are discussed and practical guidelines with recommendations are offered

Esta revisión analiza los estudios de la intervención educativa que han investigado los efectos de la actividad física en el contexto escolar en la cognición del alumnado. Veintinueve estudios de intervención llevados a cabo entre enero de 2005 y finales de junio de 2019 fueron seleccionados de 5 bases de datos diferentes. Catorce artículos analizaron el método de lecciones académicas físicamente activas (PAAL), nueve analizaron los efectos de descansos activos (ALB), dos analizaron las intervenciones de recreos activos (AR) y tres analizaron las intervenciones de actividad física combinada (CPA) compuestas al menos por dos o más tipos de actividad física. Los hallazgos muestran que la actividad física en horario escolar tiene efectos positivos agudos y crónicos en la cognición de los estudiantes. En todas las intervenciones (PAAL, ALB, AR y CPA) las sesiones de actividad física de gran intensidad y breves en el tiempo mejoraron el rendimiento cognitivo. A medio-largo plazo, las sesiones de actividad física de intensidad moderada-vigorosa también produjeron mejoras en el rendimiento cognitivo. Se discute la implicación de incluir programas de CPA durante el horario escolar y se ofrece una guía práctica con sugerencias educativas para la implantación de estos estímulos en el contexto educativo

48-Hour Effects of Monitored Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training on Adolescent Cognitive Functioning.

Physical activity has been positively related to better cognitive performance though the effects of varied exercise type and intensity and the duration of cognitive benefits are unclear. This study analyzed the effect of 16 minutes of monitored cooperative high-intensity interval training (monitored C-HIIT) at the start of the school day, on various cognitive variables over the next 24-48 hours. We randomly assigned 158 participants either to a control group ( n = 81) that engaged only in static stretching or to an experimental group ( n = 77) that performed monitored C-HIIT. We assessed cognitive functioning before the exercise, immediately afterward, and for five follow-up time points over the next two days (i.e., at 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 hours). We analyzed age, sex, body mass index, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity as potential confounder variables. Adolescents in the monitored C-HIIT group increased selective attention by 17.39% during the next hour ( p = .015) and increased concentration by 20.31% and 15.26% during the first ( p = .022) and second ( p = .059) subsequent hours, respectively. This positive short-term benefit of monitored C-HIIT during immediate subsequent hours is an important finding with implications for the school curricula and schedule.

Apoyo parental percibido y motivación adolescente hacia la actividad física / Perceived parental support and adolescents' motivation toward physical activity / Apoio parental percebido e motivação adolescente para a atividade física

Este estudio pretendió conocer en qué medida diferentes formas de apoyo social materno y paterno incrementaban el porcentaje de varianza explicada de motivación autodeterminada hacia la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva de sus hijos, más allá de la proporción atribuida a un conjunto de variables personales (sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal). Cuatrocientos sesenta y nueve adolescentes (50.3% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años de edad participaron en el estudio. Los instrumentos empleados fueron una adaptación al castellano de la Activity Support Scale y del Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. El análisis estadístico principal consistió en un procedimiento de regresión jerárquica. Los resultados revelaron que para el caso de la motivación identificada el porcentaje de varianza explicada por el modelo ascendió hasta el 25%. Además del sexo y la edad, el apoyo instrumental atribuido a madres y padres contribuía a la explicación de la variabilidad observada. Respecto a la motivación intrínseca, el porcentaje de varianza explicada fue del 27%. Más allá del sexo, el apoyo instrumental materno y paterno contribuyeron a la explicación de la variabilidad observada. La percepción juvenil de la provisión de recursos materiales y económicos se asoció con una orientación motivacional que destaca los beneficios que aporta, así como el disfrute y satisfacción que se deriva de la realización de actividad física

This study aimed to know to what extent different types of parental social support increased the percentage of explained variance for self-determined motivation toward physical activity practice of their children, apart from other variables such as gender, age, and body mass index. Four hundred and sixty-nine adolescents (50.3% female) aged between 12 and 16 years participated in this study. The Spanish adaptations of the Activity Support Scale and the Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire-2 were used to assess parental support for children's physical activity and self-determined motivation toward physical activity (PA), respectively. A hierarchical linear regression procedure was used for the main statistical analysis. Our results revealed that regarding identified motivation, the percentage of variance explained by the model increased to 25%. In addition to gender and age, parental instrumental support contributed to explain the observed variability. As for intrinsic motivation, the percentage of explained variance was 27%. Besides gender, perceived provision of maternal and paternal instrumental support were contributors to the observed variability. In conclusion, children's perception of the provision of material and financial resources was associated with a motivational orientation that emphasizes the benefits, enjoyment and satisfaction of performing physical activity

Este estudo pretendeu conhecer em que medida diferentes formas de apoio social materno e paterno incrementavam o percentual de variância explicado de motivação autodeterminada para a prática de atividade física esportiva de seus filhos, além da proporção atribuída a um conjunto de variáveis pessoais (sexo, idade, e índice de massa corporal). Quatrocentos e sessenta e nove adolescentes (50.3% meninas) com idades compreendidas entre os 12 a 16 anos de idade participaram no estudo. Os instrumentos empregados foram uma adaptação ao castellano da Activity Support Scale e do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. A análise estatística principal consistiu em um procedimento de regressão hierárquica. Os resultados revelaram que para o caso da motivação identi„cada, o percentual de variância explicado pelo modelo ascendeu em 25%. Além do sexo e idade, o apoio instrumental atribuído a mães e pais contribuía para a explicação da variabilidade observada. Com respeito à motivação intrínseca, o percentual de variância explicada foi de 27%. Além do sexo, o apoio instrumental materno e paterno contribuiu à explicação da variabilidade observada. A percepção juvenil da provisão de recursos materiais e econômicos se associou com uma orientação motivacional que destaca os benefícios que aporta, assim como o desfrute e satisfação que se deriva da realização de atividade física

Apoyo parental para realizar actividad física en escolares de 6 años de edad: influencia sobre el estado nutricional y fitness / Parental support for physical activity in schoolchildren and its influence on nutritional status and fitness

Resumen: Introducción: Los padres son modelos fundamentales para trasmitir y enseñar hábitos de vida salu dable a sus hijos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la influencia del apoyo económico, motivacional y acompañamiento de los padres a sus hijos para realizar actividad física (AF) y su relación con el estado nutricional y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en los escolares. Sujetos y Método: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 70 escolares de seis años. Los padres completaron el cuestionario "The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale". Las variables antropométricas se midieron según la Norma Técnica Ministerial chilena para la supervisión de niños de 0 a 9 años, la intensidad de la AF se midió con acelerómetros triaxiales GT3X y la estimación del VO2máx se realizó utilizando el test Course de Navette. Resultados: El índice de masa corporal fue de 17,9 ± 2,9 kg/m2, la prevalencia de obesidad y el VO2máx fueron de 57,1%, y 38,05 ± 16,9 ml/kg/min, respectivamente. La AF moderada durante la clase de educación física (EF) fue significativamente mayor en niños en comparación a niñas (p < 0,006). El apoyo económico y motivacional de los padres no influyó significativamente en el peso corporal, IMC, perímetro de cintura, intensidad de la AF y VO2máx de los niños. Los niños acompañados por sus padres presentaron diferencias significativas con la AF moderada realizada en EF en comparación con quienes no eran acompañados (p = 0,023). Conclusiones: Acompañar a los hijos a realizar AF influye en la AF moderada que realizan los escolares en EF. Se debería continuar con este tipo de estudio y medir la AF diariamente.

Abstract: Introduction: Parents are key models for transmitting and teaching healthy lifestyle habits to their children. Our objective was to determine the influence of the economic and motivational support, and parental involvement in their children physical activity (PA) and its relationship with nutritio nal status and cardiorespiratory fitness. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study which included 70 six-year-old schoolchildren. Parents completed the "The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale" questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured according to the Chilean Ministerial Technical Standard for the supervision of children from 0 to 9 years old; PA intensity was measured with triaxial accelerometers GT3X and the VO2max estimation was performed using the Navette Course test. Results: The average body mass index was 17.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2, the obesity prevalence and VO2max were 57.1%, and 38.05 ± 16.9 ml/kg/min, respectively. Moderate PA during the physical education (PE) class was significantly higher in boys compared to girls (p < 0.006). The economic and motivational support of the parents did not significantly influence the body weight of the children, BMI, waist circumference, PA intensity, and VO2max. Children supported by their parent showed significant differences with moderate PA performed in PE compared to those who were not suppor ted by parents (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Parental support of their children in performing physical activity influences the levels of moderate PA that they do during PE classes. This type of study should be continued and the PA should be measured daily.

Acute and chronic effect of physical activity on cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD: A systematic review of intervention studies.

BACKGROUND: Young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have learning and behavioral control difficulties. AIM: The aim of this review is analyse the acute and chronic effect of physical activity (PA) on the cognition and behaviour of children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: Studies were identified in five databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and SCOPUS), from January 2000 through to January 2017. A total of 16 interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: PA practice of 20-30 min (intensity 40-75%) produces a positive acute effect on processing speed, working memory, planning and problem solving in young people with ADHD. However, these effects on behaviour are contradictory and vary depending on age. Chronic PA practice (≥30 min per day, ≥40% intensity, ≥three days per week, ≥five weeks) further improves attention, inhibition, emotional control, behaviour and motor control. The results must be treated with caution, because only 25% of the studies used confounders. IMPLICATION: More research is needed to justify the causes of these effects. It is necessary to establish programs with regard to the duration, intensity, kind of exercise, and time of PA to improve cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD taking into account potential confounders.

Analysis of the Effect Size of Overweight in Muscular Strength Tests Among Adolescents: Reference Values According to Sex, Age, and Body Mass Index.

Martínez-López, EJ, De La Torre-Cruz, M, Suárez-Manzano, S, and Ruiz-Ariza, A. Analysis of the effect size of overweight in muscular strength tests among adolescents: reference values according to sex, age, and body mass index. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1404-1414, 2018-The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect size of overweight on the results of muscular strength tests in adolescents and to report percentile tables based on sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). The study hypothesized that the effect size obtained from the difference between normal-weight and overweight youth would be greater than the differences between sexes within the same age group. A total of 11,044 Spanish adolescents (48.5% girls) aged 14.39 ± 1.21 years (range: 12-16 years) from 42 secondary schools participated in the research. Muscular strength was evaluated using standing long jump, hand grip strength (manual dynamometer), and sit-ups (30 seconds). The effect size was analyzed using the adjusted Hedges' g. The results show that 76.3 and 72.8% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, performed a standing long jump equal to or less than the normal-weight average. The 67.4 and 67.1% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, showed manual dynamometer values equal to or greater than the normal-weight average. Finally, 68.7 and 65.9% of overweight boys and girls, respectively, obtained measures for 30 seconds of sit-ups equal to or lower than the normal-weight average. It can therefore be concluded that the differential effect size between boys and girls is higher than that between normal-weight and overweight adolescents in the 3 strength tests analyzed. Despite the above, these results suggest the value of taking into account the BMI when assessing the muscular strength of young people, in addition to sex and age.

[Parental support for physical activity in schoolchildren and its influence on nutritional status and fitness]. / Apoyo parental para realizar actividad física en escolares de 6 años de edad: influencia sobre el estado nutricional y fitness.

INTRODUCTION: Parents are key models for transmitting and teaching healthy lifestyle habits to their children. Our objective was to determine the influence of the economic and motivational support, and parental involvement in their children physical activity (PA) and its relationship with nutritio nal status and cardiorespiratory fitness. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study which included 70 six-year-old schoolchildren. Parents completed the "The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale" questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured according to the Chilean Ministerial Technical Standard for the supervision of children from 0 to 9 years old; PA intensity was measured with triaxial accelerometers GT3X and the VO2max estimation was performed using the Navette Course test. RESULTS: The average body mass index was 17.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2, the obesity prevalence and VO2max were 57.1%, and 38.05 ± 16.9 ml/kg/min, respectively. Moderate PA during the physical education (PE) class was significantly higher in boys compared to girls (p < 0.006). The economic and motivational support of the parents did not significantly influence the body weight of the children, BMI, waist circumference, PA intensity, and VO2max. Children supported by their parent showed significant differences with moderate PA performed in PE compared to those who were not suppor ted by parents (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Parental support of their children in performing physical activity influences the levels of moderate PA that they do during PE classes. This type of study should be continued and the PA should be measured daily.

Perfiles de orientación hacia la meta y su relación con indicadores de actividad físico-deportiva / Goal Orientation Profiles and Their Relation with Indicators of Physical Activity

Resumen El presente estudio examinó la motivación hacia la actividad física empleando la teoría de la orientación hacia la meta. Un total de 786 estudiantes participaron en este estudio. Un procedimiento de análisis de cluster jerárquico permitió identificar cuatro perfiles de orientación hacia la meta. El perfil más adaptativo (alta tarea/alto ego/altas expectativas) se asoció con la obtención de los mejores resultados. Se concluye que los jóvenes con una alta motivación hacia la tarea, alto ego y expectativas de ejecución obtienen las mayores muestras de apoyo por parte de familiares e iguales para la práctica de actividad física se perciben más autoeficaces para realizar dicha actividad, se atribuyen una mejor forma física autopercibida y manifiestan una práctica más frecuente de actividad físico-deportiva.

Abstract This paper researches motivation for physical activity in the framework of the goal orientation theory. This work is based on data from 786 students. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed identifying four goal orientation profiles. The most adaptive profile (high task, high ego, high expectancy) is associated with the best results. Students with high motivation for physical activity, ego, and performance expectancy are concluded to obtain more indications of support from their relatives and peers for physical activity practice, perceive themselves self-effective to complete this activity, claim their better self-perceived fitness, and show more frequent physical-sports activity.

Influencia del nivel de atracción hacia la actividad física en el rendimiento académico de los adolescentes / Influence of level of attraction to physical activity on academic performance of adolescents

El objetivo fue conocer el nivel de atracción hacia la actividad física y el rendimiento académico, así como la asociación entre dicha atracción y las calificaciones en las asignaturas de Matemáticas, Lengua y Educación Física en función del sexo, tras ajustar por edad e índice de masa corporal, en una muestra de 1009 adolescentes españoles (n chicas = 579) entre 12-18 años. Se usó el Children's Attraction to Physical Activity Questionnaire y la calificación de las asignaturas. Los análisis mostraron que el disfrute con la actividad física vigorosa es el principal factor de atracción que se relaciona, en chicas, con mejores calificaciones en Matemáticas y Lengua. En chicos, el disfrute con juegos y deportes, y con la práctica de actividad física vigorosa no influyen en su rendimiento académico, sin embargo aquellos que dan más importancia al ejercicio físico obtienen peores calificaciones en Lengua y Matemáticas. Se sugiere, por tanto, que a la conocida relación entre actividad física y rendimiento académico es necesario añadir que los factores de la atracción hacia la actividad física pueden relacionarse en buena medida con diferentes resultados de rendimiento académico en función del sexo.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between student level of attraction to physical activity and academic performance, and the association between attraction to physical activity and grades in the subjects of Maths, Spanish Language, and Physical Education according to gender, after adjusting for age and body mass index, in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The study included 1009 12-18 year-old students (579 girls).t. The Children's Attraction to Physical Activity questionnaire and numeric marks in the subjects were used. Analyses showed that enjoyment with vigorous physical activity is the main attraction factor related to higher grades in Maths and Spanish Language among girls. Among boys, enjoyment of games and sports, and vigorous physical activity is observed to have no impact on academic performance. However, lower grades were observed in Maths and Spanish Language among boys who give great importance to physical activity. Therefore, it is suggested that the well-known physical activity-academic performance relationship must take into account physical activity-attraction factors, as they may well have some impact on academic performance according to gender.

Influencia del desplazamiento activo sobre la felicidad, el bienestar, la angustia psicológica y la imagen corporal en adolescentes / Influence of active commuting on happiness, well-being, psychological distress and body shape in adolescents

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre el desplazamiento activo y los indicadores de salud psicológica en una muestra de 1012 adolescentes. Método: El desplazamiento activo se evaluó mediante cuestionario. La felicidad con la Subjective Happiness Scale, el bienestar y la angustia psicológica con el General Well-Being, y la imagen corporal con la versión breve del Body Shape Questionnaire. Resultados: Los/las adolescentes que emplean más de 15 minutos al día en desplazamiento activo tenían niveles más altos de felicidad subjetiva (p=0,032) y bienestar psicológico (p=0,036), así como niveles más bajos de angustia psicológica (p=0,021) que los/las que emplean 15 o menos minutos al día. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la imagen corporal entre los/las adolescentes menos y más activos/as (p=0,163). Conclusión: Desplazarse de manera activa al instituto, durante más de 15 minutos al día, es una conducta recomendable que se asocia con un mayor nivel de felicidad y bienestar en la adolescencia (AU)

Objective: To analyse the association between active commuting to secondary school and indicators of psychological health in a sample of 1012 adolescents. Method: Active commuting was assessed through a questionnaire, subjective happiness with the Subjective Happiness Scale, well-being and psychological distress with the General Well-Being Scale, and body shape was assessed using the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Results: Adolescents who spent more than 15minutes per day actively commuting to secondary school had higher levels of subjective happiness (p=0.032) and psychological well-being (p=0.021) and lower levels of psychological distress (p=0.021) than adolescents who spent 15minutes or less per day. There were no differences in body shape between less and more active adolescents (p >0.05). Conclusion: Active commuting to secondary school for more of 15minutes per day is recommended because it is associated with higher levels of happiness and well-being in adolescents (AU)

[Influence of active commuting on happiness, well-being, psychological distress and body shape in adolescents]. / Influencia del desplazamiento activo sobre la felicidad, el bienestar, la angustia psicológica y la imagen corporal en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between active commuting to secondary school and indicators of psychological health in a sample of 1012 adolescents. METHOD: Active commuting was assessed through a questionnaire, subjective happiness with the Subjective Happiness Scale, well-being and psychological distress with the General Well-Being Scale, and body shape was assessed using the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire. RESULTS: Adolescents who spent more than 15 minutes per day actively commuting to secondary school had higher levels of subjective happiness (p=0.032) and psychological well-being (p=0.021) and lower levels of psychological distress (p=0.021) than adolescents who spent 15 minutes or less per day. There were no differences in body shape between less and more active adolescents (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: Active commuting to secondary school for more of 15 minutes per day is recommended because it is associated with higher levels of happiness and well-being in adolescents.

Programa con podómetro para incrementar el ejercicio físico de adolescentes con exceso de peso / Pedometer program to increase exercise in overweight adolescents

Introducción: La obesidad, problema incrementado por el sedentarismo, se ha convertido en la epidemia del siglo XXI. Preocupa especialmente entre los más jóvenes. El podómetro ha demostrado ser un instrumento útil para fomentar la actividad física (AF) en diversas poblaciones. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto de una intervención con podómetro dirigida al alumnado con sobrepeso. Material y métodos: Estudio de medidas repetidas de tres semanas de duración. Participaron 101 adolescentes con sobrepeso, distribuidos en tres grupos: G1 (n=34) que portaron podómetro (Omron HJ-152-E) de su propiedad y tuvieron un programa de pasos con repercusión en la calificación de Educación Física (mínimo de 12.000 y 10.000 pasos/día para chicos y chicas, respectivamente); G2 (n=34) ídem pero con podómetro prestado y G3 (n=33) quienes llevaron podómetro prestado sin ningún programa asociado. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, análisis ANOVA del modelo lineal general y Prueba T. Resultados: El promedio de pasos/día fue de 11.236 y supuso de media 5.955 m para el total de la muestra. Se encontró una menor cantidad de pasos y espacio recorrido durante el fi n de semana respecto a días laborables para el conjunto de la muestra (p < 0,05), así como en la última semana de tratamiento en comparación a la primera (p < 0,05). No se hallaron diferencias entre grupos para estas variables, a excepción del mayor número de pasos/día que reportaron en la primera semana de tratamiento los escolares con programa de pasos y podómetro prestado respecto al grupo que sólo portó podómetro (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Un programa de pasos asociado al uso del podómetro puede incrementar la cantidad diaria de pasos y espacio recorrido en adolescentes con sobrepeso. Estos indicadores de AF disminuyen durante el fin de semana respecto a los días laborables y descienden al final de la intervención

Background: Obesity is a problem increased by sedentary lifestyle that has become the epidemic of the XXI century. It worries especially among younger. Pedometer has proved a useful tool for promoting physical activity in various populations. The aim of this study was to know the effect of an intervention directed at overweight students. Method: Repeated measures study of three-week. It involved 101 overweight adolescents, who were divided into three groups: G1 (n=34) who carried own pedometers (Omron HJ-152-E), and they followed a step program with impact on the Physical Education mark; G2 (n=34) ditto but they carried borrowed pedometers; and G3 (n=33) who carried pedometer without any associated program. Descriptive analyzes, ANOVA of the general linear model and T test were performed. Results: Mean of step/day was 11.236 which accounted a mean of 5.955 m for the total sample. We found fewer steps and distance travelled during the weekend compared to weekdays for the whole sample (p < 0.05), and in the last week of treatment compared to the first (p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups for these variables, except in the highest number of steps/day reported for adolescents who had step program, and own pedometer in the first week of treatment compared to the group that only carried pedometer (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A program of steps associated with pedometer use can increase the daily number of steps and distance travelled for overweight teens. These physical activity indicators decrease during the weekend compared to weekdays, and descend at the end of the intervention

Postural Stability and Subsequent Sports Injuries during Indoor Season of Athletes.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to analyze stabilometry in athletes during an indoor season in order to determine whether injured athletes show different stabilometric values before injury than non-injured athletes in two different training periods (volume and pre-competition periods). [Subjects] The subjects were 51 athletes from Unicaja athletic club who trained regularly. [Methods] At the end of the preseason and volume periods, athletes were subjected to bipodal and monopodal stabilometry. In addition, all injuries happening in the periods after performing stabilometry (volume and pre-competition periods) were tracked. [Results] Variance analysis of bipodal stabilometric measurements taken at the end of the preseason period showed that athletes with higher values for the center-of-pressure spread variables suffered injuries during the volume period. The right-leg monopodal stabilometric measurements taken at the end of the volume period showed that athletes with higher values in the center-of-pressure position variables suffered injuries during the pre-competition period. [Conclusion] Athletes showing the worst values for center-of-pressure spread variables are more prone to sports injuries in the subsequent training period. In monopodal measurements, athletes with poorer mediolateral stability were more prone to injuries in the subsequent training period.

Association of the weekly practice of guided physical activity with the reduction of falls and symptoms of fibromyalgia in adult women.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of weekly physical activity on the risk of falls and the impact of fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms on daily function in Spanish women. Fibromyalgia is a common widespread pain condition that has been linked to an increased risk of falling and a low amount of guided physical activity, defined as regular participation in moderate-intensity exercise. Before the development of fall-risk reduction interventions, it is essential to understand the context of falls and fall-related experiences in patients with FM. Ours was a descriptive longitudinal study, wherein 140 women participated, all aged 28-73 years and belonging to AFIXA (Asociación Provincial de Fibromialgia y Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica), the Fibromyalgia Association of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain). The study took place during 2013; data were collected through fall diaries, interviews, and questionnaires. Results showed that weekly physical activity can explain up to 12% of the variance in the fear of falling and 18% of the number of falls per year in patients with FM. However, the weekly physical activity prediction against the perceived impact of FM yielded R values below 10% in the 3 factors and in the total score of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ-R). Inactive women were proven to have a significantly higher number of falls per year than active ones (1.86 ± 1.46 vs. 0.69 ± 0.43, p < 0.001), but their fear of falling was similar (p > 0.05). In addition, physically active women had a significantly lower intensity in the symptoms of their condition (FIQ-R symptoms: 30.87 ± 8.58 vs. 34.78 ± 7.58 arbitrary units [a.u.], p = 0.014), and lower scores in the total score of the FIQ-R (54.33 ± 21.50 vs. 65.19 ± 19.27 a.u., p = 0.004). Results show that, with at least 1 hour per session of guided physical activity, a higher weekly number of sessions reduced the fear of falling in patients with FM and the total number of falls per year, and is associated with less severe symptoms (FIQ-R3).

Estilos educativos familiares e indicadores de actividad física en niños y adolescentes / Parental styles and indicators of physical activity in children and adolescents

Se analizaron las relaciones entre el estilo de socialización familiar y diferentes variables relacionadas con la actividad física. Asimismo, se examinó si tales indicadores difieren en función del sexo y nivel educativo. Participaron 749 estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria (10-16 años). Los resultados revelan que las percepciones asociadas a distintos indicadores de actividad física difieren en función del estilo educativo atribuido. Los escolares de hogares permisivos y democráticos están más motivados, conceden más utilidad a la disciplina de la educación física y afirman recibir más apoyo de sus familiares para la práctica de actividad física que sus iguales de hogares negligentes y autoritarios. Adicionalmente, las valoraciones relativas a orientación motivacional hacia la tarea, condición física percibida, expectativas de ejecución, motivación intrínseca hacia y utilidad de la educación física, autoeficacia percibida y apoyo familiar son más elevadas en el alumnado de primaria. No se observan diferencias según el sexo. Se concluye que el clima más relajado de hogares permisivos y democráticos puede propiciar una predisposición más favorable y valor social a la actividad física

This study analyzed the relationship between parenting style and different variables associated to physical activity. In addition, it was explored whether these variables differed according to gender and educational level. 749 elementary and middle school children (10-16 years old) participated in the study. Children's perceptions related to physical activity were found to differ depending on the type of perceived parenting style. Those children raised in permissive and authoritative homes were found to be more intrinsically motivated towards physical education than children raised in authoritarian and negligent homes. They also found the contents of the course more useful and reported to feel more supported by their parents with regards to physical activity. Moreover, scores in task motivation approach, perceived physical competence, performance expectations, intrinsic motivation and utility of physical education, self-efficacy and parental support were higher in elementary school students than in middle school students. No differences based on gender were found. It can be concluded that a more relaxed atmosphere in permissive and authoritative households may encourage a greater tendency to and deeper social values about physical activity

Effects of a contrast training program without external load on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility of young soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week contrast training (CT) program (isometric + plyometric), with no external loads, on the vertical jump, kicking speed, sprinting, and agility skills of young soccer players. Thirty young soccer players (age, 15.9 ± 1.43 years; weight, 65.4 ± 10.84 kg; height, 171.0 ± 0.06 cm) were randomized in a control group (n = 13) and an experimental group (n = 17). The CT program was included in the experimental group's training sessions, who undertook it twice a week as a part of their usual weekly training regime. This program included 3 exercises: 1 isometric and 2 plyometric, without external loads. These exercises progressed in volume throughout the training program. Performance in countermovement jump (CMJ), Balsom agility test (BAT), 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint, and soccer kick were assessed before and after the training program. A 2-factor (group and time) analysis of variance revealed significant improvements (p < 0.001) in CMJ, BAT, and kicking speed in the experimental group players. Control group remained unchanged in these variables. Both groups significantly reduced sprint times over 5, 10, 20, and 30 m (p ≤ 0.05). A significant correlation (r = 0.492, p < 0.001) was revealed between ΔBAT and Δaverage kicking speed. Results suggest that a specific CT program without external loads is effective for improving soccer-specific skills such as vertical jump, sprint, agility, and kicking speed in young soccer players.

Short-term Effects of a Proprioceptive Training Session with Unstable Platforms on the Monopodal Stabilometry of Athletes.

To analyze the short-term effects of a proprioceptive session on the monopodal stabilometry of athletes. [Subjects] Thirty-seven athletes were divided into a control group (n=17) and an experimental group (n=20). [Methods] Both groups performed a conventional warm-up, after which a 25-minute proprioceptive session on ustable platforms was carried out only by the experimental group. Before the training session, all athletes carried out a single-leg stabilometry test which was repeated just after training, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours and 24 hours later. [Results] Analysis of covariance (α=0.05) revealed that the experimental group had lower values than the control group in length and velocity of center of pressure (CoP) of left-monopodal stance and in velocity of CoP of right-monopodal stance in post-training measurements. Also, the experimental group had values closer to zero for the CoP position in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions of left-monopodal stance (Xmeanl and Ymeanl) and the anteroposterior direction in on right-monopodal stance (Ymeanr) in post-training measurements. Within-group analysis of Xmeanl and Ymeanl, length and velocity of CoP in right-monopodal stance showed continuous fluctuations of values between sequential measurements in the control group. [Conclusion] Proprioceptive training on unstable platfoms after a warm-up stabilizes the position of CoP in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions and decreases CoP movements in short-term monopodal stability of athletes.

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre las actitudes ante la prevención y promoción de la salud en atención primaria (CAPPAP) / Design and validation of a questionnaire on attitudes to prevention and health promotion in primary care (CAPPAP)

Objetivo: Elaborar y validar un instrumento para medir las actitudes ante las actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal para la validación de un cuestionario. Emplazamiento: Atención primaria (comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España). Participantes: Se incluyeron 282 profesionales (enfermeras y médicos) pertenecientes al sistema sanitario público. Mediciones principales: Validación de contenido por expertos, efectos techo y suelo, concordancia entre ítems, consistencia interna, estabilidad y análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: Se obtiene un instrumento (CAPPAP) que agrupa en 5 dimensiones los 56 ítems recogidos a partir de la revisión de otras herramientas y de las aportaciones de los expertos. Se obtuvo un porcentaje de acuerdo entre expertos superior al 70% en todos los ítems, así como una alta concordancia entre los ítems de prevención y promoción, por lo que se eliminan los ítems duplicados quedando una herramienta final de 44 ítems. La consistencia interna del CAPPAP, medida a través de alfa de Cronbach, fue de 0,888. El test-retest nos indica concordancias entre sustanciales y casi perfectas. El análisis factorial exploratorio identifica 5 factores que explicaban un 48,92% de la varianza. Conclusiones: El CAPPAP es un instrumento de fácil y rápida administración, que es bien aceptado por los profesionales y que presenta unos resultados psicométricos aceptables, tanto a nivel global como a nivel de cada dimensión (AU)

Objective: To develop and validate a questionnaire to measure attitudes towards prevention and health promotion. Design: Cross-sectional study for the validation of a questionnaire. Location: Primary Health Care (autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain). Participants: 282 professionals (nurses and doctors) belonging to the Public Health System. Main measurements: Content validation by experts, ceiling effects and floor effects, correlation between items, internal consistency, stability and exploratory factor analysis. Results: The 56 items of the tool (CAPPAP) obtained, including those from the review of other tools and the contributions of the experts, were grouped into 5 dimensions. The percentage of expert agreement was over 70% on all items, and a high concordance between prevention and promotion item was obtained, thus, duplicates were removed leaving a final tool with44 items. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.888. The test retest indicated concordance from substantial to almost perfect. Exploratory factor analysis identified five factors that accounted for 48.92% of the variance. Conclusions: CAPPAP is a tool that is quick and easy to administer, that is well accepted by professionals, and that has acceptable psychometric results, both globally and at the level of each dimension (AU)

Adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en adolescentes rurales y urbanos del sur de España, satisfacción con la vida, antropometría y actividades físicas y sedentarias / Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in rural and urban adolescents of southern Spain, life satisfaction,anthropometry, and physical and sedentary activitie

Introducción: La dieta mediterránea es uno de los modelos más saludables de dieta. Los patrones alimentarios mediterráneos están sufriendo un deterioro que puede afectar especialmente a niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de los adolescentes del sur de España y su relación con el área de residencia, sexo, edad, satisfacción con la vida, características antropométricas y hábitos de actividad física y sedentaria. Métodos: Un total de 1.973 adolescentes (11-18 años) del sur de España participaron en este estudio descriptivo transversal. El punto de corte entre poblaciones rurales y urbanas fue 10.000 habitantes. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue calculada a partir del cuestionario KIDMED. Satisfacción con la vida, actividad física y sedentarismo también mediante cuestionarios fiables y válidos. Índice de masa corporal y % de grasa corporal fueron medidos utilizando el analizador corporal TANITA BC-420-S. Resultados: El 30,9% de los adolescentes reportó una dieta de calidad óptima, porcentaje superior en poblaciones rurales (P < 0,05). La adherencia fue menor en los adolescentes de mayor edad (P < 0,001), sin diferir entre sexos ni según las variables antropométricas. Los adolescentes más satisfechos con sus vidas (P < 0,001), más activos (P < 0,001), más estudiosos (P < 0,001) y menos sedentarios delante de una pantalla (P < 0,001) mostraron mayor adherencia al patrón alimentario mediterráneo. Conclusión: La mayoría de adolescentes necesitan mejorar su calidad nutricional. En comparación con estos sujetos, los más adheridos a la dieta mediterránea llevaban un estilo de vida más saludable y mostraron mayor satisfacción con sus vidas (AU)

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet is one of the healthier diet models. Mediterranean food patterns are suffering a deterioration that can especially affect children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: Determine adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescents of southern Spain and its relationship with the residence area, sex, age, life satisfaction, anthropometry, and habits of physical activity and sedentary activities. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1973 adolescents (11-18 years) of southern Spain participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Cut-off value between rural and urban locations was 10000 inhabitants. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was calculated from the KIDMED questionnaire. Life satisfaction, physical activity, and sedentary activities also were measured through valid and reliable questionnaires. Body mass index and % body fat were measured using the TANITA BC-420-S body analyzer.RESULTS:30.9% of the adolescents reported an optimal quality diet, percent higher in rural locations (P < 0.05). Adherence was lower in older adolescents (P < 0.001), it was not different between sexes or according to anthropometric variables. Adolescents more satisfied with their lives (P < 0.001), more active (P < 0.001), more studious (P < 0.001), and less sedentary in front of a screen (P < 0.001) showed greater adherence to the Mediterranean food pattern. CONCLUSION: The majority of adolescents need to improve their nutritional quality. Compared with these subjects, the adolescents most adherent to the Mediterranean diet had a healthier lifestyle and they showed greater life satisfaction (AU)